When exploring your options for skilled migration to Australia, understanding the differences between the Skilled Independent Visa (subclass 189), Skilled Nominated Visa (subclass 190), and Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) Visa (subclass 491) is critical. Each pathway has its own eligibility requirements, advantages, challenges, and implications for your future in Australia. This comprehensive guide will help you distinguish between these key visas and make an informed decision for yourself, your family, or those you support.

What is the Difference Between a 189, 190, and 491 Skilled Visa?

Introduction

Australia's skilled migration program is designed to attract talented individuals who can contribute to the country's economy and address skill shortages. The three most sought-after skilled visas—the 189, 190, and 491—offer distinct routes to living and working in Australia, each with unique eligibility, benefits, and obligations. Whether you're a skilled professional, a carer seeking better opportunities, or supporting someone with specific needs, selecting the right visa is a vital step towards a successful migration journey.

Visa Overviews: 189, 190 & 491

189 Skilled Independent Visa (Subclass 189)

What is it?
A permanent residency visa for points-tested skilled workers who are not sponsored by an employer, a state, or family.

Why is it important?
It allows individuals to live and work anywhere in Australia with full permanent residency rights.

How does it work?

• Applicants must receive an invitation to apply following an Expression of Interest (EOI) through SkillSelect.
• No requirement for nomination or sponsorship.
• Occupation must be on the Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL).

190 Skilled Nominated Visa (Subclass 190)

What is it?
A permanent visa for skilled workers who are nominated by a state or territory government.

Why is it important?
It helps Australian states and territories fill skill gaps in their local economies.

How does it work?

• Requires nomination by a state or territory.
• Occupation must be on the relevant state or territory list (some overlap with the MLTSSL; often includes additional occupations).
• Applicants must commit to living and working in the nominating state/territory for a certain period (typically two years).

491 Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) Visa (Subclass 491)

What is it?
A provisional (temporary) visa for skilled workers willing to live and work in designated regional areas of Australia.

Why is it important?
Designed to promote migration to regional Australia, filling shortages outside major cities.

How does it work?

• Applicants must be nominated by a state/territory government or sponsored by an eligible family member living in a regional area.
• Occupation must be on the respective regional or state list.
• Visa is valid for up to 5 years, with a pathway to permanent residency via the subclass 191 visa after 3 years of regional residence and work (introduced November 2022).

How to Apply: The General Process

1. Check Occupation Lists:

   • 189: MLTSSL
   • 190: State/territory skilled occupation lists
   • 491: State/territory or regional lists

2. Skills Assessment:

   • Obtain a positive skills assessment from the relevant Australian assessing authority for your occupation.

3. Points Test:

   • Minimum required: 65 points (selection thresholds are often higher, especially for 189).
   • Points are awarded for age, English proficiency, work experience, qualifications, etc.

4. Expression of Interest (EOI):

   • Submit an EOI via SkillSelect.
   • Indicate interest in one or more visa subclasses.

5. Invitation Round:

   • Invitations issued regularly; highest-scoring candidates typically invited first.

6. State/Territory Nomination (190/491):

   • Lodging a separate application with the state or territory for nomination (if required).

7. Visa Application:

   • Apply within 60 days of invitation.
   • Provide all documents, health, character checks, etc.

Key Features & Benefits

Common Challenges & Solutions

Challenge: High Points Competition

• Solution: Increase English proficiency, obtain higher qualifications, or gain more overseas experience.

Challenge: State Nomination Variability

• Solution: Research state occupation lists; apply to multiple states where eligible.

Challenge: Regional Living Conditions (491)

• Solution: Research regional areas thoroughly; many offer affordable housing, strong community services, and family-friendly amenities.

Challenge: Delayed Processing Times

• Solution: